A Stress Syndrome Prototype Reflects Type 3 Diabetes and Ischemic Stroke Risk: The SABPA Study

Type 3 diabetes (T3D) accurately reflects that dementia, e.g., Alzheimer’s disease, represents insulin resistance and neurodegeneration in the brain. Similar retinal microvascular changes were observed chronic stressed individuals. Hence, we aimed to show stress relates T3D dementia signs retinopathy, ultimately comprising a Stress syndrome prototype reflecting risk for stroke. A stroke phenotype (Stressed) score, independent of age, race or gender, was applied stratify participants (N = 264; aged 44 ± 9 years) into high (Stressed, N 159) low (non-Stressed, 105) groups. We determined using homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR), which is interchangeable with T3D, markers (cognitive executive functioning (cognitiveexe-func); telomere length; waist circumference (WC), neuronal glia injury; neuron-specific enolase/NSE, S100B). Retinopathy mydriatic eye. The Stressed group had greater incidence HOMA-IR upper quartile (≥5), larger WC, poorer cognitiveexe-func control, shorter telomeres, consistently raised injury, fewer arteries, narrower wider veins optic cup/disc ratio (C/D) compared non-Stressed group. Furthermore, markers, arterial narrowing related glaucoma C/D, whilst vein widening HOMA-IR, poor control injury (Adjusted R2 0.30; p ≤ 0.05). These associations not evident Logistic regression between four (cognitiveexe-func, length, NSE WC) comprised (area under curve 0.80; sensitivity/specificity 85%/58%; 0.001). reflected (odds (OR) 7.72) ischemia (OR 1.27) 1.03). associated ischemia, potentiating risk. detrimental effect exemplified type diabetes, ischemic